Grammar 1. 동사, 명사, 형용사, 부사의 위치
COSEA with Ssam
1) 동사
a. 주어 뒤: The manager (decided) to go to Canada for her holidays.
b. 문장 앞: (Write) your name at the top of the page.
2) 명사
a. 주어: The (decision) was considered final.
b. 타동사 + 명사: We finally reached a firm (decision).
c. 전치사 + 명사: We finally came to a firm (decision).
d. 사람/사물/행위 구분
agent/agency
reporter/report
spender/spending
attendee/attendant/attendance
e. 명사형/-ing
decision/deciding
result/resulting
development/developing
3) 형용사
a. 형용사 + 명사: We finally reached a (firm) decision.
b. 불완전자동사 뒤: The manager's decision is (final).
*불완전자동사: be, become, remain, stay, keep, look, appear, seem, taste, sound, smell
4) 부사
a. 부사 + 형용사/부사: We have had an (extremely) good year.
b. 문장 앞: (Unfortunately), we will not be receiving a raise.
c. 조동사 뒤, 본동사 앞: We (finally) reached a firm decision.
d. 타동사 + 목적어 + 부사: The man shook his hands (violently).
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Grammar 2. 동사, 명사. 형용사, 부사의 어형 변화
a. 동사: simplify, negotiate, decide, accept, employ, produce, dominate, satisfy
b. 명사 (사람): negotiator, employer, employee, producer
c. 명사 (사물/행위): simplicity, negotiation, decision, acceptance, employment, product, production, productivity, dominance, satisfaction
d. 형용사: simple, negotiable, decisive, acceptable, productive, dominant, satisfactory
e. 부사: simply, decisively, acceptably, productively, dominantly, satisfactorily
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Grammar 3. 혼동하기 쉬운 어휘 (1)
1.
accept 받아들이다
The company did not accept the report's criticisms.
except ~를 제외하고
Everyone was tired except John.
2.
access 접근
The public don't have access to the site.
excess 초과
The car reached speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour.
3.
adapt 적응하다
Children adapt easily to new environments.
adopt 채택하다
Companies were forced to adopt energy-saving measures.
4.
advice 충고
I asked the doctor for her advice.
advise 충고하다
The doctor advised me to take a complete rest.
5.
affect ~에 영향을 미치다
The decision will affect the company's future.
effect 영향, 결과
The advertising campaign didn't have much effect on sales.
6.
cite 인용하다
The lawyer cited a Supreme Court opinion.
site 현장, 부지
We will build a recreation center at this site.
7.
complement 보충하다
His tie complemented the color of his suit.
compliment 칭찬하다
He complimented her on her performance.
8.
considerate 사려 깊은
Diana is a considerate boss who is always willing to listen to her coworkers.
considerable (수량이) 상당한
She has considerable influence with the President.
9.
economy 경제
Tourism contributes millions of dollars to the country's economy.
economics 경제학
She's in her third year of economics at York University.
economic 경제의
The country is in a bad economic state.
economical 절약하는, 경제적인
It is not a very economical method of heating.
10.
especially 특히
John is good at art and especially good at portraits.
special 특별한
John has a special talent for portraits.
11.
had better (충고) ~하는 게 좋다
You had better take up some exercise.
would rather (선호) 차라리 ~하고 싶다
I would rather go to work.
12.
lie - lay - lain 눕다 (자동사)
They just lie on the beach all day.
lay - laid - laid 눕히다 (타동사)
They laid the injured woman on the grass.
lie - lied - lied 거짓말하다 (자동사)
She lied to them about her age to get the job.
13.
loose 느슨한, 풀려난
This pole is coming loose; it will soon fall over.
lose - lost - lost 잃어버리다; 지다
I have lost my keys.
loss 손실
The company has made big losses this year.
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Grammar 4. 혼동하기 쉬운 어휘 (2)
14.
loose 느슨한
This pole is coming loose; it will soon fall over.
lose - lost - lost 잃어버리다; 지다
I have lost my keys.
loss 손실
The company has made big losses this year.
15.
pass - passed - passed
He was happy because he passed his exam.
past 과거
In the past, horses were used for transportation.
16.
personal 개인의
You can leave your personal property in the locker.
personnel 전직원, 사원
The company is short of skilled personnel.
17.
quiet 조용한
The classroom was quiet during the test.
quite 아주, 꽤
The dress is quite nice.
18.
rise - rose - risen 오르다 (자)
Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas period.
raise - raised - raised 올리다 (타)
We have no plans to raise taxes at present.
arise - arose - arisen 발생하다 (자)
Some unexpected difficulties have arisen.
19.
remember 기억하다 (to do)
Remember to buy some stamps.
remind 상기시키다 (목적어 + to do)
Remind me to buy some stamps.
20.
say that (say - said - said)
He said that he was tired.
tell me that (tell - told - told)
He told me that he was tired.
*speak/talk that (x)
21.
say to do (informal)
She said to meet her at the station.
tell me to do
She told me to meet her at the station.
*speak/talk to do/ 목 + to do (x)
22.
say sth about
Let me say something about my family.
tell me about
He told us about his adventures.
speak to/with sb about
He spoke (to us) about his adventures
talk to/with sb about
He talked (to us) about the problem.
discuss = talk about
They discussed the problem.
(x: discuss about the problem)
23.
sensible 분별 있는
I think that's a very sensible suggestion.
sensitive 민감한
Lara's very sensitive about her figure.
24.
sit - sat - sat 앉다 (자)
We all sat around the campfire and sang songs.
set - set - set 놓다 (타)
She set the clock on a table next to her bed.
25.
thorough 완전한, 철저한
They have promised a thorough inquiry into the car crash.
through ~를 통하여
The train went through a tunnel.
though 비록 ~이지만 = although, even if, even though
Though it was very cold, I went swimming.
26.
weather 날씨
The weather has been extremely hot this summer.
whether (접) ~인지
He didn't know whether to go (or not).
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Grammar 5. 동사의 기본 형태
1. 조동사 + 동사 원형
He must leave before the end of the meeting.
*조동사: will, shall, can, may, would, should, could, might, must
2. be + -ing/-ed
I am writing to apologize for the late delivery of this order. (능동, 진행)
The staff meetings are held on a regular basis. (수동)
3. Have + -ed (완료)
I have eaten everything in the refrigerator.
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Grammar 6. 주어-동사의 수 일치 (1)
1. 주어 + 삽입구 + 동사
The house (with the broken steps) is for sale.
2. "선행사 - 주격관계대명사 - 동사"의 일치
I have a computer program which does the job for me.
3. (Both) A and B + 복수동사
(Both) my sister and my brothers want to work in an office.
4. either A or B; neither A nor B; not only A but also B; B as well as A > B에 일치
Neither Mary Nor her sisters are going to the party.
5. some of/ all of/ half of/ two-thirds of 등은 뒤의 명사와 일치
Almost two-thirds of the country is unsuitable for farming.
Almost two-thirds of the southwestern area are unsuitable for farming.
6. a number of 복수명사 + 복수동사; the number of 복수명사 + 단수동사
The number of students in this room right now is twenty.
A number of students in the class speak English very well. (a number of = many)
7. one of/ each of 복수명사 + 단수동사
One of my best friends is coming to visit me tomorrow.
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Grammar 7. 주어-동사의 수 일치 (2)
8. There is/was + 단수명사; There are/were + 복수명사
There is an incorrect statement in that newspaper article.
There are some interesting pictures in today's newspaper.
9. everyone/ everybody/ everything/ anything/ something/ nothing + 단수동사
Everyone was pleased by the news.
10. 시간, 거리, 가격, 무게 + 단수동사
Fifty minutes is too long for me to wait.
11. 동명사(-ing), 명사절 + 단수동사
Growing flowers is her hobby.
What they found is very important.
12. police, people, cattle + 복수동사
The police are prepared in case there is a riot.
13. the rich/ the poor/ the old/ the young/ the disabled + 복수동사
The poor have many problems.
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Grammar 8. 시제 일치
1. 시간 표현과 동사의 시제를 일치시킨다
We installed a new accounting system three years ago.
We have purchased three companies so far.
과거완료: by 1980, by the time + 과거
과거: three years ago, last week, in 1980, yesterday
현재완료: since 1990, for three years, so far
미래완료: by next July, by the time + 현재
2. 주절의 동사와 종속절의 동사를 일치시킨다
We have been friends since we met at school. (현재완료 + since + 과거)
She said that she couldn't come to the party on Friday. (조동사도 시제 일치)
3. 가정법: If 절의 시제와 주절의 시제 일치
a) 가정법 현재
If the company fails, we will lose our money.
b) 가정법 과거: 현재 사실
If I had enough money, I would travel around the world.
If I were you, I would buy a house. (인칭 무관 were)
c) 가정법 과거완료: 과거 사실
If I had been told that you would go, I would have gone too.
4. 시간/조건 부사절
*시간 부사절(when, after, before, until, once, as soon as): 미래 대신 현재, 미래완료 대신 현재완료
*조건 부사절(if, unless): 미래 대신 현재
a) I must get to the bank before it closes.
b) If we miss the train, we can get the next one.
5. 동사원형을 쓰는 특별 구문
a) demand, order, insist, require, request, suggest, propose, recommend + that + 주어 + 동사원형
The teacher demands that we be on time.
b) It is important/ necessary/ essential/ vital/ imperative/ advisable + that + 주어 + 동사원형
It is important that they be told the truth.
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Grammar 9. 수동태 (1)
1. 자동사는 수동태 불가
The cost of transporting goods by truck has risen with the price of gasoline.
*자동사: lie, sit, rise, die, arrive, work, wait, deteriorate
2. 수동태: 주어가 행위의 대상
The concert will be held at the university.
Payment can be made at any post office.
3. 수동태: be + pp. + by ~
a) by + 행위자
We were stopped by the police.
The figures have been prepared by our new accountants.
b) 행위자가 오지 않는 경우
The telephone was invented in 1876. (시간)
The concert was held at the university. (장소)
4. 4형식 문장은 두 개의 수동태 가능
a) They gave us some incorrect information. (4형식)
> We were given some incorrect information.
b) They gave some incorrect information to us. (3형식)
> Some incorrect information was given to us.
*4형식 동사: give, send, offer, award, show, lend, hand
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Grammar 10. 수동태 (2)
5. 목적어가 "that 절"
They say that the company is planning a new advertising campaign.
> It is said that the company is planning a new advertising campaign.
*report, think, believe, agree, decide, recommend, estimate, expect, find
> The company is said to be planning a new advertising campaign.
*report, think, believe, estimate, expect, find
6. have/get something done
a) Tom decorated the room. (톰이 직접)
Tom had the room decorated. (다른 사람을 시켜서)
b) You should have/get the job done professionally.
I had/got the machine repaired last week.
We had/got the sofa delivered.
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Grammar 11. 분사 (1)
1. 명사 앞, be 동사 뒤 > 형용사 역할
a) the exciting game/ The game was exciting
b) the excited people/ The people were excited.
2. 명사 + 분사 + 수식어/목적어
a) The boy (who was) injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
b) The road joining two villages is very narrow.
*joining = which joins
3. 분사구문
a) (While) Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
b) (Although) Pleased with the results, we still have a long way to go.
4. with + 목적어 + -ing/-ed: 부대상황
a) With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.
b) She was lying on the bed with her eyes closed.
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Grammar 12. 분사 (2)
5. 동시 동작
○ 주격보어
a) She sat at her desk reading a letter.
b) I stood there wondering what to do next.
c) He is lying in the bed reading a novel.
○ 목적보어
d) They found the lost child hiding in the room.
e) The police caught him stealing a car.
6. 관용 표현
a)
I had fun playing soccer.
I had a good time playing soccer.
b)
I had difficulty finding his house.
I had trouble finding his house.
I had a difficult time finding his house.
I had a hard time finding his house.
c)
John spends most of his time watching TV.
John wastes a lot of his time watching TV.
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Grammar 13. 동명사와 부정사 (1)
1. 전치사 + -ing
a) I am used/accustomed to sleeping with the window open. (~에 익숙하다)
b) I look forward to going home next month. (~를 고대하다)
c) They object to changing their plans at this late date. (~에 반대하다)
d) They are opposed to killing animals. (~에 반대하다)
e) She was so angry that she came close to hitting him. (~할 뻔하다)
2. 목적
a) I went to the store for some bread.
b) I went to the store (in order) to buy some bread.
c) for + 명사, to + 원형
(x) I went to the store for buying some bread.
(x) I went to the store for to buy some bread.
(x) I went to the store for buy some bread.
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Grammar 14. 동명사와 부정사 (2)
3. 동명사와 부정사
a) 동사 + -ing
keep, avoid, mind, can't help, postpone, delay, consider, quit, recall, deny, risk, discuss, suggest, enjoy, finish
b) 동사 + to do
can afford, learn, agree, manage, appear, seem, need, arrange, offer, ask, plan, claim, prepare, decide, expect, refuse, fail, hope, want, would like
c) 동사 + 목적어 + to do
advise, invite, allow, permit, ask, persuade, cause, remind, encourage, require, enable, expect, tell, forbid, urge, force, compel, oblige, want, would like, instruct, warn, get
d) 동사 + 목적어 + 원형
(지각동사) see, look at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel
(사역동사) let, make, have
○ help
*The neighbors helped (to) move the piano.
*The neighbors helped us (to) move the piano.
e) be + 형용사 + to do
able, willing, unwilling, reluctant, determined, ready, important, necessary, essential, vital, likely, unlikely, careful, careless, stupid, foolish, polite, cheap, expensive, easy, difficult, hard
f) 명사 + to do
ability, willingness, reluctance, determination, readiness, attempt, decision, failure, plan, arrangement, effort, way, time, right, authority, need, opportunity, chance, likelihood
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Grammar 15. 한정사/ 수량 표현 (1)
1. almost/ all/ most
Almost all (of) the guests are present at the meeting.
(x) Almost the guests ~
(x) Almost of the guests ~
All (of) the guests are present at the meeting.
All guests are present at the meeting.
(x) All of guests ~
Most (of the) guests are present at the meeting.
(x) Most of guests ~
2. every/ all/ the whole
Every seat in the theater was taken.
(x) Every of the seats ~
All friends/ All (of) my friends live in London.
I've spent all (of) the money you gave me on clothing.
She has lived her whole life in the country.
3. every/ all/ the whole
We went to the beach every day. (날마다)
There is a bus every ten minutes. (10분마다)
We spent all day/ the whole day on the beach. (하루 종일)
4. amount/ number
A large amount of money was spent on advertising.
A number of people have recently left the company. (많은 사람들)
The number of people in prison is decreasing. (수감자들 수)
5. many/ much
Many people/ A lot of people drive too fast. (수)
We didn't spend much/ a lot of money. (양)
We spent a lot of money. (긍정문에는 much 사용을 피한다)
*수량 공통: a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of
6. a few (수) / a little (양)
I have a few friends. (긍정)
I have (very) few friends. (부정: 거의 없다)
There is a little time. (긍정)
There is (very) little time. (부정: 거의 없다)
*수: many, several, a few, few
*양: much, a little, little
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Grammar 15. 한정사/ 수량 표현 (2)
7. some/ any
I'm going to buy some clothes. (긍정문)
There is somebody at the door.
I want something to eat.
I'm not going to buy any clothes. (부정문)
There isn't anybody at the door.
I don't want anything to eat.
*some: 긍정문, 권유의문문
*any: 부정문, 의문문, 조건절(if)
8. not (부사)/ no (형용사)/ none (대명사)
There is not a bus on the road.
There are not any buses on the road.
There is no bus on the road. (no = not a/ not any)
(x) There is not bus ~
I'm afraid we can't have coffee. There is none left.
9. another/ other/ others/ the other
Paul ate an apple. Then he ate another apple. (another + 단수명사)
Paul ate an apple. Then he ate another one.
Paul ate an apple. Then he ate another. (대명사)
They need another five dollars.
*시간, 거리, 가격, 무게: 단수 취급
There are other apples on the table. (other + 복수명사)
There are other ones on the table.
There are others on the table. (대명사)
(x) There are other on the table.
(x) There are others apples on the table.
*the other (나머지 하나)
*the others = the rest 그 나머지
10. two hundred/ hundreds of
There were two hundred people in the square.
There were hundreds of people in the square.
*thousand, million, billion, dozen (12), score (20)
11. there/ it
There is a new restaurant on Second Street.
We went to the new restaurant. It is very good.
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Grammar 16. 대명사
1. 지칭하는 명사와 사람/사물, 단수/복수를 일치시킨다
The company was known for the quality of its products.
2. 문장의 위치에 따라, 주격, 소유격, 목적격을 맞춘다.
The woman was late for her interview because of heavy traffic.
*주격 + 동사
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
*소유격 + (형/own) + 명사
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
*타동사/전치사 + 목적격
me, you, him, her, it, us, them
*소유대명사 = 소유격 + 명사
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
3. 재귀대명사: 주어가 타동사나 전치사의 목적어
myself, yourself/yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
a) 타동사의 목적어
The children watched themselves on TV.
b) 전치사의 목적어
The children are old enough to look after themselves.
c) 강조 용법
The manager himself welcomed us to the hotel.
Mary designs all the clothes herself.
d) 관용 표현
Very young children should not go swimming by themselves.
*by themselves = on their own = alone
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Grammar 17. 수식어 (1)
1. already/ yet/ still
I have already finished the report. (긍정문, 본동사 앞)
Have you finished the report yet? (의문문, 문장 끝)
I have not yet finished the report. (부정문, 본동사 앞/ 문장 끝)
= I have not finished the report yet.
= I have yet to finish the report. (have yet to do: 아직 ~못했다)
I still have not finished the report. (부정문, 조동사 앞)
2. bad/ badly
The company's failure was due to bad management. (형용사)
The company has been badly managed. (부사)
3. good/ well
Her exam results were very good. (형용사)
He has always done his job extremely well. (부사)
4. hard/ hardly
She is a hard worker. (형용사; 부지런한)
She has been working too hard. (부사)
I can hardly wait to hear the news. (부사; 거의 ~않다 = scarcely)
5. hardly any/ hardly ever
There are hardly any cookies left. (hardly any = no)
I hardly ever go out these days. (hardly ever = never)
6. always/ ever
*always = at all times = all the time
I have always been happy here. (긍정문; ever x)
I don't ever want to see you again. (= I never want to ~: 부정문)
Have you ever been to New York? (의문문)
Come and see me if you are ever in Seoul. (조건절)
It's the largest picture ever painted. (최상급 + ever)
You're looking lovelier than ever. (비교급 than ever)
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Grammar 18. 수식어 (2)
7. late/ later/ latest/ lately
We were late for the train. 늦은 (형)
Ellen has to work late tonight. 늦게 (부)
The goods must arrive no later than July 31st. 늦어도 ~까지
He informed me about/of the latest situation. 최근의, 최신의 (형)
I've not been feeling very well lately. 최근에 (recently)
8. like/ similar to/ the same as
The building looked like a church. (전)
Your leather coat is similar to mine.
Bob dresses just the same as his father did.
*be the same as = be identical to ~와 동일하다
9. near/ nearby/ close/ nearly
We want to find a house near (to) the station. (전)
We flew from a nearby airport. (형)
The company is located nearby to the park. (부)
Their house is close to the church. (형/부)
It took nearly two weeks to get there. (부: almost)
10. so/ such/ so many/ so much
The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo. (+ 형/부)
It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo. (+ 명사)
She made so many mistakes that she failed it. (+ 복수명사)
She has so much money that she can buy anything. (+ 불가산명사)
11. enough/ too many/ too much/ too
I didn't have enough money to cover the bill. (enough + 명)
I couldn't get close enough to see properly. (형/부 + enough)
There are too many people in the room. (+ 복수명사)
There's too much noise in here. (+ 불가산명사)
It's too cold to go swimming. (too + 형/부 to do: 부정적인 의미)
12. very/ much
It's very cold, but we went swimming. (very + 원급)
It's much colder than yesterday. (much + 비교급)
*비교급 수식: much, even, still, far, a lot
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Grammar 19. 비교
1. 두 개를 비교할 때는 비교급, 셋 이상을 비교할 때는 최상급
The tree is taller than the house.
The tree is the tallest of all (the trees).
2. 비교구문
The chair is as expensive as the table. (as 원급 as)
The chair is not as/so expensive as the table.
The chair is more expensive than the table. (비교급 + than)
The chair is the most expensive of all (the chairs).
(the 최상급 + of all the 복수명사; the 최상급 + in the area/group)
The chair is the most expensive one that I have ever seen. (the 최상급 + ever)
3. 형태
Their house is as big as ours. (as + 형용사/부사의 원급 + as)
Their house is bigger than ours.
It's more interesting than card games.
Their house is the biggest in the region.
The last question is the most difficult of all.
4. 불규칙 변화
little - less - least
good/well - better - best
many/much - more - most
bad/badly - worse - worst
far - farther/further - farthest/furthest
5. 비교급 수식 부사
*much, even, still, far, a lot
A computer will do the job much more efficiently.
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Grammar 20. 전치사 (1)
1. 장소: in/ on/ at
a) in
in a room
in a garden
in New York/ America
in (a) line
in prison/ hospital/ the hospital
in a book/ newspaper/ magazine
in a picture/ photograph
in the middle of
in a car/ taxi
b) on
on a table/ wall/ ceiling
on the first floor
a village on the road (인접)
on Fifth Avenue (거리 이름)
on the farm/ island
on the page/ screen
on the beach/ coast
on the right/ left
c) at
at the door
at the traffic lights
at the station/ airport
at the meeting/ concert
at home/ work/ school
at the top/ bottom (of the page)
at the end/ beginning (of the year)
at the dentist's/ doctor's
at the age/ cost/ price/ rate of
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Grammar 21. 전치사 (2)
2. 시간: when(시점)과 how long(기간)으로 구별
○ in/ on/ at + 시점
a) in 1990/ winter/ September/ the 20th century/ the morning
b) on Wednesday/ April 15th/ Friday morning
c) at three o'clock/ lunch (time)/ the moment
○ this/ next/ last/ tomorrow/ yesterday/ every 앞에는 in/ on/ at 사용 불가
a) I received the letter last Tuesday. (x: on last Tuesday)
b) We've been really busy this week. (x: in this week)
○ in + 기간
a) You can walk there in half an hour. (걸리는 시간)
b) We have to go there in half an hour. (시간의 경과)
○ for/ since
a) for + 기간
My parents have been living in Rome for a year now.
b) since + 시점
My parents have been living in Rome since last year.
*현재완료 + since + 과거
*Since + 과거, 현재완료
○ for/ during/ while
a) for + 기간
We watched TV for two hours last night.
b) during + 기간
I fell asleep during the film.
c) while + 주어 + 동사
I fell asleep while (I was) watching TV.
○ by/ until
a) by (완료)
Fred will be back by Monday. (= no later than)
*finish, complete, submit, arrive, return
b) until (계속)
Fred will be away until Monday.
*wait, stay, remain, last, postpone, put off
○ by/ within : deadline (마감/최종 기한)
a) by + 시점 (~까지)
The report must be submitted by 5:00.
b) within + 기간 (~이내에)
The report must be completed within two hours.
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Grammar 22. 연결어의 종류와 의미
○ 종속접속사
a) 시간
after, before, when, while, as, since, until, by the time, as soon as, whenever, once
b) 원인/결과/목적
because, since, as, now that, so/such ~ that, so (that), in order that
c) 대조/반대
even though, although, though, even if, despite the fact that, while, whereas
d) 조건
if, unless, only if, provided (that), providing (that), in case (that), in the event (that), whether or not
○ 등위접속사
a) 원인/결과
for, so
b) 대조/반대
but, yet
c) 조건
or (else)
○ 접속부사
a) 원인/결과/목적
therefore, consequently, as a result
b) 대조/반대
nevertheless, nonetheless, however
c) 조건
otherwise
○ 전치사
a) 시간
after, before, prior to, following, during, since, by, until
b) 원인/결과/목적
because of, 엳 새, owing to, thanks to, as a result of
c) 대조/반대
despite, in spite of
d) 조건
in case of, in the event of
*************
Grammar 23. 등위접속사와 병렬구조
A and B
A but B
A or B
both A and B
either A or B
neither A nor B
not only A but also B
B as well as A
a) Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. (동사 and 동사)
b) He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music. (to 부정사 or to 부정사)
************
Grammar 24. 문장구성과 연결어
a) 등위접속사
We went swimming, for it was hot.
(x) For it was hot, we went swimming.
*and, or, but, for, so
b) 종속접속사 + 주어 + 동사
Because it was hot, we went swimming.
We went swimming because it was hot.
*because, although, while
c) 전치사 + 명사
Because of the hot weather, we went swimming.
*because of, despite, during
d) 접속부사
It was hot. Therefore, we went swimming.
It was hot; therefore, we went swimming.
*therefore, however, otherwise
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Grammar 25. 상관접속사
○ 등위 상관접속사
both A and B
either A or B
neither A nor B
not only A but (also) B = B as well as A
not A but B = B, but not A
a) The research project will take both time and money.
b) I'll take either chemistry or physics next quarter.
○ 종속 상관접속사
as 원급 as
비교급 than/ more 원급 than
the 비교급, the 비교급 (~할수록 더 ~하다)
so 형/부 that ~
such (a/an) 형 명 that ~
such A as B = A such as B = A like B (B와 같은 A)
whether A or B
hardly/scarcely had 주어 pp. when/before ~ = no sooner had 주어 pp. than ~
a) The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo.
b) I'm going swimming tomorrow whether it's cold or not.
c) Hardly had the game begun when it started to rain.
= As soon as the game began, it started to rain.
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Grammar 26. 관계대명사의 종류와 형태
a) who: 선행사가 사람
who - whose - whom
b) which: 선행사가 사물
which - whose/ of which - which
c) that: 선행사가 사람/사물
that - x - that (소유격이 없다)
d) what = the thing which (선행사 포함)
what - x - what
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Grammar 27. 선행사와 격의 일치
○ 사람
a) That is the assistant who/that sold the shoes. (주격)
b) The man (whom/that) I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones. (타동사의 목적격: 생략 가능)
c) She is the woman about whom I told you. (전치사의 목적격)
(x) ~ about that ~
d) A man whose wife had telephones left the meeting. (소유격 + 명사)
○ 사물
a) The book which/that is on the table is mine. (주격)
b) The movies (which/that) we saw yesterday was good. (타동사의 목적격: 생략 가능)
c) The music to which we listened yesterday was good. (전치사의 목적격)
(x) ~ to that ~
d) Mr. Kim has a painting whose value is inestimable. (소유격 + 명사)
*whose value = the value of which
○ 장소
a) The building where he lives is very old. (관계부사)
b) The building in which he lives is very old. (전치사 + 관계대명사)
(x) ~ in where ~
c) The building (which/that) he lives in is very old.
○ 시간
a) I will never forget the day when I met you. (관계부사)
b) I will never forget the day on which I met you. (전치사 + 관계대명사)
(x) ~ on when ~
c) I will never forget the day (that) I met you. (관계부사의 대용)
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Grammar 28. 관계대명사 that과 what
○ 관계대명사 that을 쓸 수 없는 경우
a) She is the woman that I told you about.
(x) ~ about that ~ (전치사 뒤)
(o) ~ about whom ~
b) Colin told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.
(x) ~, that ~ (comma 뒤)
○ 관계대명사 that과 what의 구별
a) 명사 + that ~
Mrs. Bryant is the woman that owns that enormous house.
b) what: 선행사 포함
The shop didn't have what I wanted.
(x) 명사 + what
***********
Grammar 29. 명사절의 종류와 형태
a) that
We would be late. > I expected that we would be late.
b) who/ whom/ what/ when/ where/ how/ why
Who is she? > I don't know who she is.
Where does she live? > I don't know where she lives.
What time is it? > I don't know what time it is.
*의문사 + 주어 + 동사
c) whether/ if: ~인지
Does she need help? > I wonder whether she needs help (or not).
*whether/ if + 주어 + 동사
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Grammar 30. 명사절의 위치
○ 주어
a) That everyone got back safely was a great relief.
b) What he said surprised me.
c) Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.
○ 타동사의 목적어
a) No one believes that the project will go ahead.
b) Please tell me what happened.
c) Tim wouldn't say where he was going.
○ 전치사의 목적어
a) I'm interested in how we can earn some money.
b) The government is looking into what needs to be done.
○ 형용사 뒤
a) I'm afraid that we don't have any money.
b) We were worried that there were no life guards on duty.
○ 동격
a) The fact that we don't have any money is a problem.
b) I heard a rumor that there has been a leak of radioactivity.
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